Review note on 'The Unquenchable Flame'

Some thoughts on Mike Reeves' book The Unquenchable Flame: Introducing the Reformation:

1. In common with many introductory books it is short, easy to read and accessibly produced with pictures and boxes focussing on one thing or another. It covers an lot of ground very quickly. But unlike many introductory books it is infused with the character of the author. It is lively, occasionally funny and never dry.

2. It is passionate and clear about the central issue of the Reformation being our justification before God, but is it not hagiographic and is weighs up the strengths and weaknesses of every actor in the drama.

3. Some history books are so stuck in the past that they have nothing to say to today. Others just use the history to grind their own axes. Reeves seems to simply love spending time with these characters, but he never looses sight of his reader and is always inviting them into the story, and ends the book showing why we should still listen to the Gospel of the Reformers:

“[it is into our] context that Luther’s solution rings out as such happy and relevant news. For, having jettisoned the idea that we might ever be guilty before God, and therefore need his justification, our culture has succumbed to the old problem of guilt in subtler ways that it has no means to answer. Today we are all bombarded with the message that we will be more loved when we make ourselves more attractive. It may not be God-related, and yet it is still a religion of works, and one that is deeply embedded. For that, the Reformation has the most sparkling good news. As Luther put it: ‘sinners are attractive because they are loved; they are not loved because they are attractive.’ Only this message of the counter-intuitive love of Christ offers a serious solution.

A profoundly relevant beautiful and sweet message, a joy-giving message, a death-defying message: it is no wonder Richard Sibbes called the Reformation ‘that fire which all the world shall never be able to quench’.”

Why read about the Reformation?

Sunday is the 493rd anniversary of Martin Luther nailing 95 theses to the door of the church in Wittenberg. So why should we care? And more particularly why should we bother reading about the events of the Reformation and the writings of the Reformers?

1. It is OUR history

The church historian, Owen Chadwick once said: "Nothing is sadder than someone who has lost his memory, and the church which has lost its memory is in the same state of senility."

Reading about the Reformation is an act of remembering our history, and particularly the history of God's works in us. We can see the Reformation is OUR history because it shaped the church we are today more than anything else. For example:

• Songs we've sung - congregational singing because the Reformers taught every Christian is a priest
• Language we speak - English rather than Latin because they taught we cannot exercise faith in something we don't understand
• Prominence of the sermon in our service - because they taught faith comes by hearing the Word of God
• Our prayers addressed to our Father directly - because they taught we can approach him directly through Christ.

All these developments were based on a conviction about what the Gospel was, and it was this conviction that drove the Reformation.

But this wasn't ivory tower thinking. The Reformers were also working in a period of enormous political turmoil, which was often reflected in their personal lives.  Wars were fought because of the teachings and practices of the church.  Almost all the major Reformers were exiled from their homes, many lived under the shadow of death, and a considerable number paid the ultimate price for confessing the 'discoveries' they had made.  Most lost children and many suffered with long-standing and painful medical conditions.  It is not surprising that many believed they were living in the very last days.

Interesting times demanded characters to match, and there was no one type of Reformer.  Luther brewed his own beer and Calvin restricted himself to little more than one meal a day.

By any standards it is one of the most fascinating times to read about, packed with wonderful characters.

But the Reformation is not just history.  The actions and writings of the Reformers speak powerfully to us now, and we need to hear their voice.

2. Radical criticism for us

The German theologian Bonhoeffer was executed by Nazis supported by many people within the church.  He once famously commented that American Christianity was “Protestantism without the Reformation” - a phrase calculated to cause some head-scratching!  What the American church was missing in his eyes was a grounding in Jesus Christ who brought “radical judgment” and “radical forgiveness” to the church. He thought the Reformation was what offered that.

So what is the “radical judgment” that the Reformation offers us?

The US company Enron, and more recently the UK banks have shown the need for us to question whether things are always as good as we think they are.  When the shiny facade was stripped away in the financial crisis, what was left behind was not a pretty sight.  At the midweek meeting this week we looked at Ezekiel where God revealed that behind Israel's religiosity was idolatry.  In this evening’s reading from Galatians 2, Peter’s sensitivity to the concerns of the Circumcision Party are revealed to be motivated by fear of man.

Bonhoeffer believed that in the Reformation we learn “that God’s ‘criticism’ touches even religion, the Christianity of the churches and the sanctification of Christians, and that God has founded his church beyond religion and beyond ethics”.

The Reformers believed that God’s word calls into question the church itself and called the church itself to repent even of it’s ‘good works’.  They had a penetrating vision able to see things for what they were which, if we want to avoid being an individuals and a church that is beyond criticism, we would do well to appropriate for ourselves. 

3. Radical forgiveness and joy to share with us

When Luther plumbed the depths of his own sin in the monastery he found that it went so deep that he had to spend hours a day confessing to his mentor, but he still knew he hadn’t reached the bottom.

But almost like the Psalmist in Psalm 139 he found that Jesus Christ could be found even there! In fact, that was the only place that the one who died the shameful death of a condemned man could be found.

That is why it would be wrong to read the Reformers and stop with their blistering condemnations of sin, because the destination they had in mind was never hell, but heaven with Jesus.

The people of Geneva re-minted their coins following the Reformation of their city with the motto “After darkness, light”, such was the contrast they saw between their former faith and that which they now enjoyed. CS Lewis compared the Reformers' experience to waking from a “nightmare into ecstasy” and Martin Luther described his experience as “entering paradise itself through open gates”.

To read about their lives, and read their words is a little window into a kind of weighty joy that I long to taste more of. In knowing that they are utterly free from any hold over them by the devil or the penalty of sin, they had a confidence in the face of persecution, but more than that, a confidence in the face of God.

Once Luther, along with many others, feared to approach God directly and only prayed to saints to intercede on his behalf. But having rediscovered the doctrine of justification by faith, he and those that followed after him boldly lived lives of familiarity with God through Christ.

So ultimately we should read about the Reformation to share in their joy by knowing more deeply the grace of the Gospel God and our Lord Jesus Christ as it is found in the Scriptures.

Christ in all the scriptures

For what still sublimer thing can remain hidden in the Scriptures, now that the seals have been broken, the stone rolled from the door of the sepulcher (Matt. 27:66; 28:2), and the supreme mystery brought to light, namely that Christ the Son of God has been made man, that God is three and one, that Christ has suffered for us and is to reign eternally? Are not these things known and sung even in the highways and byways? Take Christ our of the Scriptures, and what will you find left in them?

(p. 110, Martin Luther, Bondage of the Will)

John Calvin picks up the baton and shows how that works out:

He is Isaac, the beloved Son of the Father who was offered as a sacrifice, but nevertheless did not succumb to the power of death.

He is Jacob the watchful shepherd who has such great care for the sheep which he guards.

He is the good and compassionate brother Joseph, who in his glory was not ashamed to acknowledge his brothers, however lowly their condition.

He is the great sacrificer and bishop Melchizedek, who has offered an eternal sacrifice once for all.

He is the sovereign lawgiver Moses, writing His law on the tables of our hearts by His Spirit.

He is the faithful captain and guide Joshua, to lead us to the Promised Land.

He is the victorious and noble king David, bringing by His hand all rebellious power to subjection.

He is the magnificent and triumphant king Solomon, governing His kingdom in peace and prosperity.

He is the strong and powerful Samson, who by His death has overwhelmed all His enemies.

(p. 69, John Calvin, Preface to Olivetan’s New Testament)

Tim Keller said something similar here.

1 Peter 1:3-12

[this is an hastily written attempt to explain to someone why I've been thinking over the last few days that 1 Peter 1:3-12 is just plain incredible]

“Praise be to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ!”

I love the exuberant praise Peter begins with, and that it is woven through the whole passage.

“In his great mercy he has given us new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead”

Love the balance between it being a “hope”, recognising that this life will always be forward looking and one of discontentedly waiting, crying “come Lord Jesus”, because of all that makes life unbearable – i.e. sin and suffering. But at the same time, the hope is breaking into our lives already. We don’t just wait, but we experience too. Eternal life has begun already, so our hope is “living” if we have been reborn.

And this is all because of God’s “great mercy”! It is not something we deserve. Neither is it something we have to work up, because it is “through the resurrection of Jesus”. It’s all God’s work!

“and into an inheritance that can never perish, spoil or fade—kept in heaven for you, who through faith are shielded by God's power”

Peter just piles up the words and concepts to show how solid and sure our promised inheritance is. It will never “perish, spoil or fade” because it is “kept in heaven” where nothing that anyone does on earth can touch it. Our inheritance has our name on it though, because Peter says it is “for you”. It isn’t sat there waiting to be claimed if we do this or that, or if fortune smiles on us. Because our inheritance is personalised then not only is it safe but we are as well. We are “shielded”, surrounded and protected by the almighty power of the living God! What do we have to fear.

“until the coming of the salvation that is ready to be revealed in the last time”

But Peter never gets carried away, and blind to the realities of life now. All that we are and have is still to be revealed. We have to walk by faith and not sight at this time, eagerly longing for that future day.

“In this you greatly rejoice”

But this isn’t a stoically gritting of our teeth while we wait. It is a joyful life because our hope is so amazing, and the experience of what we wait for is already so wonderful. So we don’t just rejoice, we do so “greatly”.

“though now for a little while you may have had to suffer grief in all kinds of trials. These have come so that your faith—of greater worth than gold, which perishes even though refined by fire—may be proved genuine”

Peter will not let the painful realities of life go though. He keeps on returning to them again and again. This time not just to acknowledge that they exist but to tell us why they exist. Our struggles with sin, our hard work in life, and the sadnesses that come along are all to purify us. To change us and help us put shed the dead skin of our old life that still clings to us.

“and may result in praise, glory and honour when Jesus Christ is revealed.”

But it’s not all about us. God doesn’t exist to serve our needs, but we exist to glorify him. And he is glorified in our salvation – in Jesus’ work 2000 years ago and in the Spirit’s work in our lives now. What a wonderful coming together of our good and God’s, that is not just a fortunate occurrence but because of God’s nature and character.

“Though you have not seen him, you love him; and even though you do not see him now, you believe in him and are filled with an inexpressible and glorious joy, for you are receiving the goal of your faith, the salvation of your souls.”

Again, this is just such a wonderful combination of thoughts one on top of another. We love God, we believe God, we rejoice in God, because we are receiving (note the tense) our salvation. I want that life and that salvation. I want what Peter says there to be a description of me!

“Concerning this salvation, the prophets, who spoke of the grace that was to come to you, searched intently and with the greatest care, trying to find out the time and circumstances to which the Spirit of Christ in them was pointing when he predicted the sufferings of Christ and the glories that would follow. It was revealed to them that they were not serving themselves but you, when they spoke of the things that have now been told you by those who have preached the gospel to you by the Holy Spirit sent from heaven. Even angels long to look into these things.”

Finally, to prevent us from making our salvation too small a thing. In case we have domesticated it and lost it’s cosmic greatness despite all the praise and joy of Peter’s writing, he tells us to look back and up. Back to the prophets who so passionately searched and investigated all they could to understand this incredible event – “the sufferings of Christ” (it’s all about him!) and “the glories that would follow” (that is the revelation of Jesus’ glory and our inheritance – suddenly we’ve been caught up into Jesus’ glorious story!!).

And then he directs our gaze upwards to the angels, who dwell in the glories of heaven, live lives which we would make ours look like as meaningless and brutal as the life of an insect. And yet... they long to look into the things of our salvation.

What an enormous Gospel!

“Praise be to the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ!”

What was all the fuss about?

"All our controversies concerning doctrine relate either to the legitimate worship of God, or to the ground of salvation.”

(John Calvin, The Necessity of Reforming the Church, HT Shane Lems)

I was so pleased to find this quote. I have long thought that if I was ever to explain the differences between the Lutheran and Reformed Reformations it would be to explain the Lutherans were concerned with salvation, and the Reformed with both salvation and right worship.

I think the distinction between their heirs today may be different.

Too much to say and too little to tell

"Without such a cross and its Atonement we come to a religion of
much point but no atmosphere,
much sympathy and no imagination,
much kindness and no greatness,
much charm and no force
—a religion for the well-disposed and not for the rebel,
in which we love our neighbour, but not our enemy, and not our Judge;
a religion for the sensitive, but not for the world [...]
The public then goes past the preacher because he is not strong enough to arrest and compel them. He has too much to say and too little to tell."

(PT Forsyth, The Cruciality of the Cross)

The illusion of safety in numbers

At the heart of the Babel narrative is disobedience to the command to Adam and Noah to fill the earth (Genesis 1:28; 9:1). The reason that the people of Babel give for building the tower is "lest [they] be dispersed over the face of the whole earth" (11:4). In verse 8 and 9 it is repeated twice that the God's action in response to their building was that he "dispersed them over the face of all the earth."

Why was dispersal so important that people went to such lengths to avoid it, and God went to such lengths to ensure it happened?

God wanted people to spread so that they could image him to the whole earth - not just one corner of it. He wanted his name to be great.

The people of Babel were more concerned with making a name for themselves than God. Spread out across the world they were weak, and desperately aware of their dependence on the grace of God. They felt a safety in the numbers of a city, and their eyes could be filled with their achievements covering God's masterpiece with a thin crust of human ingenuity.

So did God just begrudge people growing up and finding their independence? Did he want to keep us weak so that he was needed, and he was the only strong one? That motivation could be seen to lie behind his statement that "nothing that they propose to do will now be impossible for them" (v. 6).

But, no. God wasn't being a parent who can't let go and stunts his children as a result. In ripping away the comfort and security of the city from these people, he was showing love. The comfort of the city was a false comfort blinding them to reality as it really is. They may have felt closer to God, more important and safer because of their city and tower, but that was just a mirage in the desert.

Only in Jesus Christ could they not just come close to God but be invited into the divine communion of the Trinity. Only in Jesus Christ could they judge angels and rule the earth as Adam was destined to do. Only in Jesus Christ could they be safe from death and the wrath of God.

God was pushing them out of a false fortress so they would find a refuge in the wilderness in him alone.

• Where do you feel safe? If it is because you have your health and savings you're living in Babel.
• When do you feel worth something? If it is when people think much of you you're thinking like the people of Babel.
• Why do you feel close to God? If it is because of anything you have built you've got an understanding of God (up there, just out of touching distance) which you share with the people of Babel.

PS An interesting application would be to the distribution of church congregations. Tim Chester in a recent talk quoted statistics showing that in Australia the numbers of congregations has fallen slower than the number of Christians (I'd bet it is the same here - Christopher Ash thinks so anyway). This means as Christians we are increasingly huddling together in our medium to large churches, avoiding the 'weakness' of having to rely on God alone in little churches dispersed across the country as "communities of light" (Tim Chester's phrase).

Four aspects of organic change

Christian change is:

1. Gradual - so be patient
2. Inevitable - so be optimistic, because the Spirit is omnipotent.
3. Internal - so cultivate love in your heart, because if works don't grow from love of God and neighbour it's dangerous (1 Cor 13:1; Matt 7:21-23).
4. Symmetrical - so be suspicious of 'self-control' with no joy, or 'love' but no faithfulness, because if what you call self-control/love etc exists without the others then it is probably counterfeit because they are interdependent (cf. 1 John 4:20).

According to Tim Keller, in his sermon on the fruit of the Spirit in Galatians 5:22-23.

A more beautiful tune

"In Greek mythology the spirits of the sea were called the Sirens. They had the bodies of birds and the heads of beautiful women. These sirens lived on stretches of rocky coast and reefs and sang a beautiful song to entice sailors to them, and so the sailors were drawn to their death. However, two famous sailors managed to sail past safely.

One was Odysseus, who filled his sailors' ears with wax so that they could not hear the beautiful song,, and had himself tied to the mast, so that although he could hear it he could not steer the ship towards them. He got past safely enough, but spent all his time wishing he could have gone closer. that, I think, is a picture of how some of us live the Christian life... purely prevention by constraint.

[Instead] we need to look to the other sailor who managed to get past the temptations of the Sirens. He was called Orpheus. and his tactic was different. He was a musician and so he played a tune himself - a more beautiful tune than the song of the Sirens, so his sailors weren't drawn to them."

(pp.73-74, Graham Beynon, Experiencing the Spirit)

Christ who lives in the future, and the church's mission to prepare the world for the future to arrive

When he had gone out, Jesus said, “Now is the Son of Man glorified, and God is glorified in him. If God is glorified in him, God will also glorify him in himself, and glorify him at once. Little children, yet a little while I am with you. You will seek me, and just as I said to the Jews, so now I also say to you, ‘Where I am going you cannot come.’ A new commandment I give to you, that you love one another: just as I have loved you, you also are to love one another. By this all people will know that you are my disciples, if you have love for one another.”

Structurally, it is clear that Jesus' packed statement of John 13:31-35 is explicated by the disciples asking a series of questions which Jesus answers in 13:36-14:31.

Peter: “Lord, where are you going?”

Jesus: You can follow me later

Peter: “Lord, why can I not follow you now? I will lay down my life for you.”

Jesus: You won't lay down your life. I will prepare the place ON YOUR BEHALF to prepare the destination.

Thomas: “Lord, we do not know where you are going. How can we know the way?”

Jesus: I am the way to the Father.

Philip: “Lord, show us the Father, and it is enough for us.”

Jesus: The Father, and so the Kingdom/New Creation, is already present in me. I will send the Spirit to help you when I'm gone and you can no longer see the Father in me physically.

Belief -> missionary miracles

Prayer -> receiving

Loving -> obeying

I will appear again after the resurrection to those who love me though.

Judas (not Iscariot): “Lord, how is it that you will manifest yourself to us, and not to the world?”

Jesus: Because God only makes his home with those who love and obey me.

It still isn't crystal clear to me, but this is the line of logic I see going on behind Jesus' answers:

1. I'm going to die an Old Creation death, and then live a New Creation life in the presence of the Father.
2. You can't follow me all the way yet because you are not yet made holy, but I will go as your representative ahead of you.
3. However, you can see the Father and the New Creation life already in me as it bursts out even in this likeness of sinful flesh.
4. When I'm living a full New Creation life in heaven you will still be able to see me by faith given by the Holy Spirit whom I will send.
5. As those who have been reborn and love God, I will be able to give you fuller experience of New Creation life and the presence of the Father after I have been resurrected, because you will be holy enough to be in the presence of such life.
6. However, the world cannot experience me in my New Creation life because I will be so burning in holiness that I would be Christ-the-judge to them (in contrast to pre-cross when I am their suffering servant). Out of mercy, as I did in the Tabernacle, I will hide my holy presence for a time to give them time to repent.
7. However, as you follow me you will repeat the same story. For now you will live a life of self-sacrifice and suffering servanthood with your glory as children of God veiled. In this role you will represent me to the world by a life of loving obedience and miracles.

That's a bit hastily written and I'd like to write that up neatly, but what do you reckon? Seems to tie together a lot of the Bible, and this passage in particular.

Categories to apply:

• sinful/holy
• servant/judge
• Old Creation/New Creation
• death/life
• suffering/glorified

Basically, Jesus is further down the road than the church on every count and prepares the way for us. Because the world is still at the starting point, the church mediates the destination to them because if Jesus was present now there would be no time to repent.

PS I'm sorry for the note-taking form of this post. I wanted to write it up but when I'm going to be short on sleep tonight finishing off some law study I couldn't justify editing. Thought it maybe of interest though - some significant stuff.

An explosion of joy

I am concerned to explore the question how the mission of the Church is rooted in the gospel itself. There has been a long tradition which sees the mission of the Church primarily as obedience to a command. It has been customary to speak of 'the missionary mandate.' This way of putting the matter is certainly not without justification, and yet it seems to me that it misses the point... If one looks at the New Testament evidence one gets another impression.

Mission begins with a kind of explosion of joy. The news that the rejected and crucified Jesus is alive is something that cannot possibly be suppressed. It must be told. Who could be silent about such a fact? The mission of the Church in the pages of the New Testament is like the fallout from a vast explosion, a radioactive fallout which is not lethal but life-giving.

(p. 116, Lesslie Newbigin, The Gospel in a Pluralist Society)

HT Jared Wilson, who goes onto say:

I agree with John Piper that "mission exists because worship does not," but I also believe that mission exists because worship does.

Your law is my delight

(HT Tim)

"I long for your salvation, O Lord,
and your law is my delight.
Let my soul live and praise you,
and let your rules help me.
I have gone astray like a lost sheep; seek your servant,
for I do not forget your commandments."

(Psalm 119:174-176)

"I delight in the law of God, in my inner being,
but I see in my members another law waging war against the law of my mind and making me captive to the law of sin that dwells in my members. Wretched man that I am! Who will deliver me from this body of death?
Thanks be to God through Jesus Christ our Lord!"

(Romans 7:22-25)

Both passages include:

• delight in the law; and
• a realisation of our failure to keep it.

After this common starting point:

• The OT passage includes a prayer to be delivered.
• The NT passage includes thanks that we have been delivered.

Apologetics in Galatians

Paul in Galatians spends roughly the first half of Galatians explaining how his Gospel is true, and the second half how it is morally good.

So the first half of Galatians speaks to the agnosticism of our culture that thinks we cannot know the truth of God. Following Kant (?) most people I know think that it is impossible for us to know anything for certain about God. As naturalists they believe we live in a closed natural system where it is impossible for us to believe God has spoken or worked miracles. So given that it is impossible for us to know anything about God, it is permissible to believe anything about God but never permissible to be certain about it. The critique of the Bible you hear from people you meet is that it is just human opinion, and as such has no more weight than the speculation of any other human. In response to this I don’t think it is best to simply assert that we can’t avoid absolute truth in religious statements, instead it is better to FIRST admit that our culture is right that if the Bible is just human opinions then we shouldn’t say that the Gospel is absolute truth. THEN, as Paul does in the first few chapters of Galatians, demonstrate the Gospel is “not from men nor through man, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father” so we can be certain of it’s truthfulness.

The second half of Galatians speaks to the belief that religious certainty breeds hate and events like 9/11. In fact, Paul actually anticipates the concerns of postmodern pragmatic-pluralists who believe that claims to absolute truth tend to be power-plays which end up in division. He shows the judaizer’s false gospel is a form slavery, which they only preach so that the Galatians “may make much of them” and they can “boast in [the Galatians] flesh” (4:17; 6:13). Not only that, but as it is only the true Gospel that brings the Spirit and the Spirit’s fruit, any false gospel we come across will only lead to “enmity, strife, jealousy, fits of anger, rivalries, dissensions, [and] divisions” (5:20). So freedom from oppression and moral goodness are key concerns of Paul that overlap with our pluralist culture, but he would criticise pluralism as a false gospel that oppresses people and fractures society as much as any other worldview. So again, with Paul, we can FIRST agree that claims to absolute truth tend to be both oppressive and divisive. THEN as Paul does, show how the Gospel is unique in bringing freedom as well as the motivation and power to love our neighbour and bear one another’s burdens (5:14; 6:2).

"One cannot coerce the summer into corning, one must wait for it"

The relation of the human to the created world around him is characterized in the first place by the fact that the human receives. God gives, we receive: that is the melody which Luther is always playing, in constantly new variations.

[...]

We must assert that it is God, not we or our neighbor, who is at work in the workshop which nature constitutes. The one who is at work in nature without interruption is God, and he is creating. The concept of nature belongs primarily to dogmatics, not to ethics. What God's work in creation demands of us is not first action, but faith. This is declared already in the Sermon on the Mount. The lilies of the field and the birds of the air instruct us, according to Jesus, about "care-free-ness" as the only completely natural attitude in life. Be not anxious for clothing or for food! God cares for you, he knows what you need.

(Gustaf Wingren, "The Doctrine of Creation: Not an Appendix but the First Article" in Word & World 4/4, 1984)

Death and life

"the gospels all witness to the fact that the triumph of life over death is there understood to be the decisive victory, much more important than the victory of knowledge over ignorance.

[Similarly...]

Baptism and Eucharist yield resurrection, not only forgiveness for the harassed conscience. The point in what is said about the restoration of creation (recapitulatio) is that everything which God has created has a part in the salvation which God gives in Christ. The great antithesis is between death and life, not between guilt and forgiveness."

(Gustaf Wingren, "The Doctrine of Creation: Not an Appendix but the First Article" in Word & World 4/4, 1984)

The sacred beauty of creation

"There are two occasions when the sacred beauty of Creation becomes dazzlingly apparent, and they occur together. One is when we feel our mortal insufficiency to the world, and the other is when we feel the world's mortal insufficiency to us"

(p.280, Marilynne Robinson, Gilead)

Scribes and prophets

Listening to: the ubiquitous Mumford and Sons: Sigh no More

The fictional Reverend John Ames is reading an magazine article entitled 'God and the American People':

it says 95 percent of us say we believe in God. But our religion doesn't meet the writer's standards, not at all. To his mind, all those people in all those churches are the scribes and the Pharisees. He seems to me to be a bit of a scribe himself, scorning and rebuking the way he does. How do you tell a scribe from a prophet, which is what he clearly takes himself to be? The prophets love the people they chastise, a thing this writer does not appear to me to do.

(p.162, Marilynne Robinson, Gilead)