Thursday, April 15, 2010

Which antithesis?

I'm reading The Living Word: A Theological Study of Preaching and the Church by Swedish Lutheran Gustaf Wingren. A wonderful £3 buy second-hand. I'm loving it.

It seems a shame to first blog some quotations from it in criticism of Barth, but I think his criticism is of far-reaching proportions. In short he sees Barth as locating a fundamental antithesis between God and humanity that he should instead find between God and the Devil, life and death, Gospel and law. I think this is of enormous importance.

for Barth God and man are opposed to each other, and the question with which he is faced is where the emphasis is to be placed. Liberal theology, against which Barth reacted, emphasized man's significance and put him centre. Barth's alternative is to emphasize God's significance and to put him in the centre. Negatively it is of fundamental importance that Satan and sin play a very uncertain and minor role in Barth's theological system. Thus in no way is the approach of the theology that preceded it corrected, but instead the speculative antithesis between man and God remains unchanged [...] It is striking that time and again in his writings Barth reiterates his criticism, most consistent and clear, of Luther's doctrine of the unity of human and divine in Christ, the doctrine of communicatio idiomatum ["sharing of attributes"].

The meaning of the communicatio idiomatum remains obscure until it is seen against the background of man's subjection to the Devil. God and man do not stand opposed to each other as two incompatible and parallel forms of being, but God and the Devil stand opposed as enemies. Man is God's creation who has been brought into captivity by the enemy of God. Christ's task is to enter human life, destroy Satanic might and free man. Christ's humanity is no limitation of the majesty of God, as Barth argues. Christ's humanity is the conqueror's - God's - presence on the field of battle where Satan is to be laid low in the conqueror's death and resurrection and forced to let go his grip on men [...]

The centre of gravity of the preaching of the Early Church was in Christ's death and resurrection, not in the incarnation [...] If the cross and the resurrection are to retain their New Testament position at the centre of the message, then a revision of the opposition between transcendence and immanence must be brought about. The Lutheran dualism of law and Gospel in the Word performs just that very revising, anti-speculative function. God's work meets us, sub contraria specie ["under contrary appearances"], hidden under the work of death. It must be so, since we are in thrall to sin; when our sin, which insists on ruling in our being, is killed, we receive life but it seems as though it were death. The lifegiving function of the Gospel is indissolubly bound up with the condemnatory and punitive function of the law; the cross is fast bound with the resurrection. If this intrinsic duality of law and Gospel is abandoned and replaced, as in Barth, by a single 'Word' above the law and the Gospel, then there follows also a new metaphysical cleavage, so that within the single Word we discover a higher, transcendent sphere, the Word of God (Gottes Wort) and a lower sphere, the word of man (Menschenswort). Thereby the Platonic doctrine of two worlds becomes supreme in theology. What is specifically theological and Christian is introduced later in the thesis that 'God' and 'man' meet and are brought together in the Incarnation. But in that case the mere meeting between God and man becomes the centre of the New Testament, while struggle and victory in the death and resurrection have lost their place as the centre of the kerygma. This is the chief accusation that must be brought against Karl Barth's theology.

(pp. 31f, 92, 1949, The Living Word)

Any thoughts on whether Wingren is reading Barth rightly?

I think that even if the critique doesn't stick to Barth, it sticks to much less sophisticated theology.

2 comments:

  1. hey dave

    very helpful reminder. I expect Barth analyses sin, the flesh & the devil in terms of self-love or something like that so prob best not to be too hasty, but it reminds me of a debate I listened to between John Barclay (new JG Dunn professor of NT @ Durham) (who, according to Jo McKenzie, turns out to be Olly's son!) and NT Wright on Paul & Empire, in which (to my ears at least) Barclay convincingly argues that Wright has overemphasised Rome (and indeed Assyria/Babylon) and not seen the critique of both as subsumed under the powers of sin, death & flesh in adam. I’d not heard of Barclay before, but he’s done some work with Simon Gathercole, whom I’ve found very helpful, on agency in Romans 7.

    write ups here

    Debate on Paul & Empire part 1

    Debate on Paul & Empire part 2

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  2. Yes, caution definitely called for on Barth.

    Still, I think it is so helpful to remember that sin is our biggest problem, not our created nature.

    Just started another Christianity Explored on Friday. This post came to mind after a while because the discussion was so much about how we can know who God is, and how Jesus reveals that. The second session in the course is WHO is Jesus? But then we get onto why did Jesus come? Jesus - His death etc. Even more exciting I think, but difficult to make people see that the Gospels don't just provide insights, but also record a historical saving act of God.


    I listened to those talks you link to a while back. I think Barclay is spot on. I didn't know he was son of Oliver though! He's now working on Grace and Gift in Paul it appears, which is interesting.

    On a larger point, I think the Wright/Barclay thing is part of a wider tendancy we have to narrow the focus of the Gospel too much. We often do that in Mosaic Law v. New Testament, Religious works v. Grace, personal damnation v. personal forgiveness etc etc. We need to see all of them as instances of the fundamental antithesis that Wingren outlines. And that antithesis runs through everything spiritual, intelectual, psycological, and physical. That means that there is no sin-free reasoning we can do. Physical salvation is not all that matters (I think e.g. NTW in rightly seeking to extend the reach of salvation, sometimes abandons the centre where the individual's conscience, like a lobster with a soft underbelly), but equally salvation involves ALL of creation (which is where Wright is right, and evangelicalism has historically been too focused on the centre).

    Anyway, I'm rambling. And I'm not being focused enough for a forum like this.

    I'll have to come down to London and have a fun rambling chat with you one day. You could teach me all sorts about apologetics! I'm leading a book discussion on 'Escape from Reason' on Monday and haven't a clue how I'm going to go about it. Just too many links to contain in my little brain, and my knowledge is so narrow! Blogging is frustrating, face-to-face communication is so much better.

    PS I told Liz to say hello to you when you get round to exploring a park with her! Perhaps that can substitute for lack of personal contact!

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