The right question to ask about Jesus

The right question is not:

• What is Jesus; man or god?

But:

• Who is Jesus; the God of Israel, or someone else?

That is what Richard Bauckham argues in his awesome book God Crucified, which is now part of Jesus and the God of Israel: God Crucified and Other Studies on the New Testament's Christology of Divine Identity. No apologies for typing out a big passage of the book:

This [Jewish] kind of practical monotheism, requiring a whole pattern of daily life and cultic worship formed by exclusive allegiance to the one God, presupposes a god who is in some way significantly identifiable. the God who requires what the God of Israel requires cannot be merely the philosophical abstraction to which the intellectual currents of contemporary Greek thought aspired. Jews, in some sense, knew who their God was. The God of Israel had a unique identity. The concept which will be the central focus of the whole argument of this chapter is that of the identity of God.

[...]

The term identity is mine, not that of the ancient literature, but I use it as a label for what I do find in the literature, which is not, of course, necessarily a notion precisely the same as modern ideas of personal identity, but is nevertheless clearly a concern with who God is. The value of the concept of divine identity appears partly if we contrast it with a concept of divine essence or nature. Identity concerns who God is; nature concerns what God is or what divinity is. Greek philosophy, already in the period we are discussing and in a way that was to influence the Christian theological tradition significantly in the period after the New Testament, typically defined divine nature by means of a series of metaphysical attributes: ingenerateness, incorruptibility, immutability and so on. My point is not that the biblical and Jewish tradition had no use at all for statements about the divine nature. Some Jewish writers in the later Second Temple period consciously adopted some of the Greek metaphysical language. But in these writers the dominant conceptual framework of their understanding of God is not a definition of divine nature - what divinity is - but a notion of divine identity, characterized primarily in ways other than metaphysical attributes. That God is eternal, for example - a claim essential to all Jewish thinking about God - is not so much a statement about what divine nature is, more an element in the unique divine identity, along with claims that God alone created all things and rules all things, that God is gracious and merciful and just, that God brought Israel out of Egypt and made Israel his own people and gave Israel his law at Sinai and so on.

(pp. 6-7, "God Crucified" in Jesus and the God of Israel)

But because Christianity is missionary, and because Jesus Christ makes the claim to be Lord of all the world, we do need to answer the first question, even if it is the wrong question. However, because it is the wrong question we will find ourselves in dangerous territory before we even get going in answering the question. In answering the first question we are going to have to talk about metaphysical attributes whether we like them or not. What we then have to do is gradually lead the questioner down the road to the safer ground where the second question can be asked and answered.

This is risky. It would be safer to stay in our ghettos. In fact wouldn't it be safer if we didn't use English at all to describe God? Or even better, lets stop talking about God at all! But then again, perhaps if God is bold enough to speak to us, and incarnate himself with us, perhaps we should be bold and follow his lead.

As an interesting example of this, I often think of how bold it was of bold it was of the Israelites to say that Yahweh is El. I can't imagine being bold enough to do that. I would want to totally avoid using the language of El in the ANE context.

Our portion and his inheritance

'Levi has no portion or inheritance with his brothers. The Lord is his inheritance, as the Lord your God said to him.' (Deuteronomy 10:9)

'The Levitical priests, all the tribe of Levi, shall have no portion or inheritance with Israel. They shall eat the Lord's food offerings as their inheritance.' (Deuteronomy 18:1)

'Now there happened to be there a worthless man, whose name was Sheba, the son of Bichri, a Benjaminite. And he blew the trumpet and said, "We have no portion in David, and we have no inheritance in the son of Jesse; every man to his tents, O Israel!"' (2 Samuel 20:1)

'He is the Lord our God... Remember his covenant forever, the word that he commanded, for a thousand generations, the covenant that he made with Abraham, his sworn promise to Isaac, which he confirmed as a statute to Jacob, as an everlasting covenant to Israel, saying, "To you I will give the land of Canaan, as your portion for an inheritance."' (Psalm 105-7-11)

'Not like these is he who is the portion of Jacob, for he is the one who formed all things, and Israel is the tribe of his inheritance; the Lord of hosts is his name.' (Jeremiah 51:19)

'the Lord will inherit Judah as his portion in the holy land, and will again choose Jerusalem' (Zechariah 2:12)

'if the inheritance comes by the law, it no longer comes by promise; but God gave it to Abraham by a promise.' (Galatians 3:18)

'In him we have obtained an inheritance [...] In him you also, when you heard the word of truth, the gospel of your salvation, and believed in him, were sealed with the promised Holy Spirit, [...] who is the guarantee of our inheritance until we acquire possession of it' (Ephesians 1:11-14)

'I do not cease to give thanks for you [...] that you may know what is the hope to which he has called you, what are the riches of his [i.e. Jesus'] glorious inheritance in the saints' (Ephesians 1:16-18)

A Biblical Theology of Inheritance would be an amazing thing to write. The most amazing thing about it is its two-way nature which is succinctly described in Jeremiah 51:19. What we are to him, he is to us.

We receive an inheritance. To the people of Israel it was the land of Canaan, although the priests experienced more they had YHWH himself as their inheritance which meant they could eat with him at the same table. This is just an expression of the intimacy of the relationship that they had with him. That was the true inheritance they received.

But that intimacy is not one way. YHWH had his inheritance or portion in Israel. In this language he expresses his care and commitment to them.

In the NT Christians 'are said to inherit a variety of spiritual benefits, including glorification (Rom 8:17), redemption (Eph 1:14), salvation (Heb 1:14), and life (1 Pet 3:7, cf Luke 18:18)' (p. 637, 'Inheritance' in The Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible). But all of these are found in God himself. So our down-payment, of the same kind as our full settlement is God, the Holy Spirit, himself. And Jesus finds his inheritance in us in the Holy Spirit. What a relationship!

I'll leave you with a couple more The Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible quotes:

'Descriptions of Israel as God's inheritance point to the intimacy that appropriately exists between God and the chosen people (e.g. Exod 34:9; Deut 4:20; 2 Sam 21:3; Jer 10:16)' (p. 637, 'Inheritance')

'Expressions such as "to have a portion in (someone)" mean to be affiliated with that person or to belong to that person's company or community (2 Sam 20:1; 1 Kgs 12:16; cf. John 13:8). Words translated "portion" can also be used with reference to that which is dear and close to a person; thus Israel is called the portion of the Lord (Deut 32:9), as Yahweh is likewise Israel's portion (Ps 16:5; 73:26; 119:57; 142:5; Jer 10:16; Lam 3:24)' (p. 1072, "Portion")

Our representative and substitute

I've been listening to Oliver Crisp lecture on the atonement today as I go about my daily business. He identifies several theories of the atonement:

1. Penal substitution - Calvin, Evangelicalism
2. non-Penal substitution (vicarious repentance view) - John McLeod Campbell
3. Penal non-substitution (Governmental view) - Hugo Grotius, 19th Cent Methodists
4. Satisfaction - Anselm
5. Christus Victor (Ransom view)- Early fathers?, Gustaf Aulén
6. Moral-Influence - Peter Abelard, 19th Cent Liberals

I could say a lot about theories of the atonement but won't bore you with them at the moment. But as I was listening to all the complexities of the theories as Oliver Crisp described them I remembered this comment of TF Torrance that I heard some time ago but which I keep coming back to. I think it makes a very important point:

We have to bring together and sink into each other the concepts of representation and substitution in order to grasp the vicarious mission and role of Jesus in his humanity.

If we were to work with representation alone, where Christ represents us and therefore represents what we do, that would be a Pelagian or a semi-Pelagian understanding of the atonement. And by-and-large that is often put forward.

If we were to have a stress on substitution alone, in which Christ takes our place detached from us, then that would be something that he did over our head and that had no relevance to us.

But if we combine these two, as you should combine, and as they are certainly already combined for example in the Isaianic songs about the Servant, then we have an act of substitution which takes place in the depths of our humanity where our humanity is taken up and therefore the atonement is made to issue out of our humanity as humanity's offering toward God. And then of course it is fundamentally relevant to each and all of us in the depths of our own humanity.

(23:35-24:55 "Christ's Mediation/Human Response", Lecture 3 of The Mediation of Christ)

[BTW The Crisp lectures are some hard-core metaphysics that I've only read in the likes of Anselm and Augustine. I suppose it has been my first taste of modern philosophical theology. I am left with a lot of admiration for the brains of those involved but a feeling that it is of limited helpfulness. Also BTW my breakdown of what he said about the different theories may not be quite right as I did it from memory (Interestingly, Theopedia has a slightly different taxonomy of Atonement theories which is quite helpful).]

Is there such a thing as wordless prayer?

These are some snippets from a email conversation I've been having on contemplative, or wordless, prayer. It may all seem a bit disjointed and rushed. That is largely due to lack of time. But I hope they still make some kind of sense.

I must confess that wordless contemplative prayer is something I don't really 'get'. This may be down to my personality which has some trouble contemplating and meditating about anything. Although, it is also because I think prayer is about communication and specifically about petition.

It is unusual be in someone's presence and not talk to them, and it is unusual to be in the presence of someone who loves to give of his riches when you are deeply poor and not ask them for things.

Karl Barth says of pray that "in the first instance, it is simply asking". "It is the fact that [a person] comes before God with his petition which makes him a praying man" (CD III/3, p.268, cited on p. 49, Tim Chester, The Message of Prayer). Tim Chester, who shaped my thinking on this a great deal, comments:

"I have been frustrated by members of my congregation who could not be exhorted to focus on the praise of God or on confession without moving on to petition. It is an attitude of which I now repent. We too easily think of those who move into contemplative modes of praying or those who make worship or confession the focus of their praying as those who are advanced prayers. It is not so. We must recognize that it is the 'unsophisticated', simple prayers who truly express trust in divine Majesty., who truly acknowledge their own need before God, and who have truly grasped the freedom of the Father-child relationship. Many books on prayer exhort us to search for deeper experiences in prayer or more sophisticated modes of prayer that breed a sense of inadequacy in some and of superiority in others. The Bible invites us to find the model of prayer in the simple petitioning of a child before a father. This leads to freedom and peace."

(ibid)

Nevertheless, I think there is a place for stillness and silence which can help in calming your spirit. But I think that is not what I would call prayer, and can only really happen knowing that you have brought your cares and worries to a Father who has the says he will deal with them and has the ability to do so. If it is not in that context it contains the danger of being an act of escaping reality and burying your head in the sand. Much better is a faithful resting in the Father's promise to hear prayers offered in the name of his Son.

[...]

I do most of my thinking out-loud, in conversation, or while reading. That is the way I work, for good or ill. So I love this sort of discussion, but it does make me less receptive to the idea of wordless prayer. That may not necessarily be a good thing though. 'That is my personality' is not a good reason for very much, so it is good to be challenged.

You are right that a lot of our communication is not by words. Although I think they are more important than the commonly repeated statistics would suggest. But whether or not that is true, can we then just apply our experience of human relationships to our relationship with God? If I am communicating by telephone I can't communicate visibly, and if by letter then words are my only option. We walk by faith and not by sight in our relationship with God, and faith comes by hearing. I think it is fair to say that words are fundamental to our relating to God. That may even be why Jesus is called 'The Word'. I don't think that is a permanent state of affairs because we will see him eventually, but that is the way things are now.

That may sound an awfully restricted view of our relationship with God. N may well argue that it is. But I would tend to think that it is good news.

If God is invisible and intangible to us people waiting between his ascension and his second coming then the only avenue that he can communicate to us except through external words (spoken or visible, e.g. sacraments) is through internal words or feelings. If God is communicating to me through those internalised words and feelings then I'm in big trouble. I am creature committed to self-deception. Much of the time my inner thoughts tell me that God approves of me being thoughtless, cruel and selfish. My internal god (because in practice it is a separate deity) serves to make me more and more complacent in my sin, instead of forming me into the likeness of his Son. Other times my inner thoughts may remind me of how deeply ingrained is sin in my life. It tells me that there is no hope of me forming a relationship with God because I'm unworthy. It tells me that I'll never change because I never really have in the past.

In contrast the external word of God tells me I'm more sinful than we could ever know, but more loved than I could imagine. It tells me that, no matter what I feel, I deserved to be hung on a tree but I am now an adopted son of the Father in Christ who died for me.

There are two different ways we can relate to God. One is outward looking and the other is inward looking. One listens to external words and responds in kind, the other listens to internal words (which is really our own voice) and responds in kind. But, doesn't God live in me? Of course we are told that if we are Christians he does. We are told that the Holy Spirit dwells in us and that Christ lives is in us. But it is notable that it doesn't say that the same of the Father, and in almost every New Testament instance of prayer it is the Father whom we address.

So that is a bit more of a broad-brush picture of where I'm coming from. I can see how it could be criticised that it is quite a restricted conception of our relationship with God, but I think that it adds more colour and shape to our understanding. It is more solid and reliable, and I need my relationship with God to be as solid and reliable as his promises are when times get tough.

But as I've said earlier, I think there is a place for wordless quiet in our lives. I just think that it is secondary to, and dependant on, words.

Biblical recommendations

1. The Books of the Bible

The TNIV bible set out in single column without verse numbers, chapter numbers or section headings. They have annoyingly messed with book order as well, but overall it is now my favourite bible to read from in chunks. Its dirt cheap too if you buy it from AbeBooks.

2. Tim Keller: Isn't the Bible historically unreliable and regressive?

Probably the best apologetic talk on why we should trust the bible. I particularly like how it focuses on challenging the challenges that those who are not yet Christians bring. I recently burnt it onto a CD and gave it to someone I know who is not yet a Christian. He still isn't a Christian, but he found it quite sensible and helpful.

Growing up to judge angels

Now the Bible tells us that the Old Creation was superintended by angels, while the New Creation is superintended by redeemed humanity. To save space, and because this essay is designed as a Bible study, I won't be writing out the passages. You must look them up yourself. Start with 1 Corinthians 6:3, which establishes that at the end of the New Creation we shall judge angels, not vice versa. Then, as regards the Old Creation consider Hebrews 2:2 and Acts 7:53. Turn next to Galatians 3:19, and then read Galatians 4:1-7. These passages show that in the Old Creation we were considered as children, and the angels were our tutors. The chief tutor originally was Lucifer, but he betrayed his calling in the Garden. So the Son of God entered as the Angel of the Lord to guide humanity toward maturity. Before He was the Second Adam, Jesus was the Second Lucifer. Throughout the Old Creation, we see the Angel of the Lord and His spirit angels supervising and judging humanity. Now, however, the man Christ Jesus has ascended to rule the angels, and in union with Him we also rule them.

(James Jordan, A Brief Readers Guide to Revelation, HT Paul Huxley)

Judging ourselves rightly

A month ago I posted some thoughts on truth, lies and deception in Romans. A friend from church who read it asked me if I had any ideas how we can avoid thinking judgement applies to others, but somehow not to us? This was my answer. What would your answer look like?

I suppose that is a question we spend all our life trying to figure out. Ultimately it is not something we can do for ourselves, but only something God can work in us by his Spirit. We could then think about the means he uses to do that. Primarily God works through his word, although that comes in different forms:

1. The Written Word

The Scriptures in a huge diversity of ways tells us what we are really like and what this reaction this provokes from God (c.f. Rom 3:9-20). They tell us that God is real and will act, as he has acted before, to punish the wicked.

2. The Spoken Word

This category includes:

(a) Prophecies (I am a continuationist, believe it or not)

(b) Preaching and teaching

(c) Conversations

Through these we are told directly that we are in the wrong and there are consequences from God for that.

3. The Sacramental Word

Baptism tells us that we need to deserve to be buried for our sins, and will be in one form or another. The Lords Supper speaks to us that blood must be shed for our sins, and reminds us of the greatest sin we ever committed.

4. The Acted Word

Maybe this is poor use of language, but what I mean is that interacting with other people, and particularly the people of God, reminds us of their qualities and our lack of them. Seeing how the church lives lives changed by the gospel is one of the most powerful demonstrations of my failings.

How can these words work their work in our lives?

I think the answer to this question is two-fold:

1. 1. We need to expose ourself to them. Read our bible. Read good teaching. Listen to good preaching. Devote ourself to the Lord's Supper. Spend time with other people, in particular the church. etc. Give time to putting ourselves in the way of the word.
2. 2. We need to receive these words as the word of God and not just the words of men. If these words have no authority over us then they cannot give a true judgment of us. We could just dismiss them as soon as we heard them. Only if they are from God do they carry weight.

Jesus Christ, the Word of God to us

Of huge importance though is that we recognise that these words are not the source of our knowledge about ourselves and our plight. We must through them experience the Word of God, Jesus Christ. He in his perfect obedience showed the impossible standard that we can never meet. He though his death on the cross showed us the magnitude of the sentence that hangs over our disobedience. These other words are secondary as their role is to 'image', 'convey' or 'witness' to the word of God to us. We must always look through and beyond them to him.

This is important firstly because otherwise we strip Christ of the honour due to him. It is important secondarily because otherwise we will not know the true gospel. If we do not look to Jesus Christ we will either:

(a) water down the judgment and embrace self-righteous pride; or

(b) despair as we are destroyed by the overpowering condemnation.

However, if we do look at Jesus we will see the resurrection as well as his death. We will see Heaven's peace and perfect justice meet, and see how both can reach their fulfilment. No watering down, both at full power in one event! As we see the full extent of our sin and the holy judgment of God, at the same time, inseparably, we see the full extent of God's love and mercy. As we seek to find the correct, painful judgment of ourselves through the written word, spoken word, sacramental word, and acted word we find the Word of God who brought our condemnation and our justification in him.

As always then the answer is ultimately Christ. He is our judge and our saviour. It is to him that we should look to know ourselves, and know our future. If we find our judgment of death in him, we will also find our indestructible life in him too. Good news!

What's the difference?

"I rejoice, not because you were grieved, but because you were grieved into repenting. For you felt a godly grief, so that you suffered no loss through us. For godly grief produces a repentance that leads to salvation without regret, whereas worldly grief produces death." (2 Corinthians 7:9-10)

Justin Holcomb recently posted on Calvin's distinction between legal and evangelical repentance. James Torrance (in lectures I don't recommend) says that the section 3.3 of the Institutes dealing with this had a massive influence on him.

Curiously, the flavour of Calvin on repentance is certainly very different to that of Melanchthon. I may post on this again soon once I've thought about it a bit more. But before I do so I thought I may seek some thoughts from everyone. Any ideas on the difference between the two griefs that Paul describes?

Alternatively put, and using the example that was being batted around at the time of the Reformation, one may ask... what was the difference between the grief of Peter over his sin, and the grief of Judas over his? One led to salvation without regret, and the other to death. But why?

Thoughts on finding Christ in the OT

Over on Dave Bish's blog I've been involved in one the monthly discussions about how Christ is revealed in the OT. So often the two 'sides' seem to go round and round and I have often felt that there was more going on beneath the surface than what shows above the water. But I've never really got what.

You could say that one group just doesn't really believe that God is Trinity, or that the other is denying the newness of the incarnation. However I don't believe that is true of either group of regular commenters all of whom I have great respect for.... Which is not to say that we all don't have a great deal to learn.

However, listening to Mike Reeves on MP3 today suddenly things became a lot clearer. Commenting on reading the OT as all being about Christ he comments:

the key issue is I don't always have to talk about the incarnation, which is what we tend to mean when we say Christ. I don't always have to talk about that. When we say "do I have to go to Christ?" the kind of language we are using is using is "do I have to fast-forward through time to the event of the incarnation when Christ became flesh?" No you don't have to do that. But you have to be talking about the true and living God who is Christ. If you are not talking about him you must be talking about another God [...] That doesn't mean that as you are preaching on Hosea 11 you have to go "oh now lets jump into the New Testament". No you don't have to do that at all. But you must be talking about the same person. I suppose that's the key. So I'm not saying you always have to nip into the New Testament. You don't at all. But you must always be proclaiming Christ. You don't always have to be proclaiming the incarnation of Christ.

(34:43-> of this lecture, the whole series here)

I don't think you would find Graeme Goldsworthy saying that (correct me if I'm wrong). It may be Trinitarian hermeneutics but is it Gospel-centred hermeneutics?

Anyhow, although I am struggling to know where I should be, I think I understand enough to make some wild generalisations:

Group 1 is looking for the person

• This group is concerned about finding the second person of the Trinity. They are looking for God the Son. They tend to be thinking vertically about the relationship of God to humanity. They would stress that you cannot know God except as Trinity.

Group 2 is looking for the gospel-event

• This group is concerned about finding the Messiah. They are looking for the promised perfect human (king/priest etc). They will be thinking horizontally about the story of the bible/world. They would stress that you cannot know God apart from the death and resurrection of Christ.

I don't think I need go to the effort of pointing out the dangers on both sides. Doing one and not the other is clearly disastrous.

The formal and material principles

Philip Schaff defines the formal and material principles of the Reformation thus:

the material of life principle (principium essendi) of the Reformation [...] is no other than the great doctrine, which is presented by Paul especially as the entire sum of the gospel - the doctrine of the justification of the sinner before God by the merit of Christ alone through faith [...]

the formal or knowledge principle [...] consists in this, that the word of God, as it has been handed down to us in the canonical books of the Old and New Testaments, is the pure and proper source as well as the only certain measure of all saving truth.

(italics original, p.80-98, The Principle of Protestantism)

Martin Luther may be everyone's go-to guy for the material principle, but would we point to the person who called James an 'epistle of straw' as a great exponent of the formal principle? A lot could be written about Luther's doctrine of Scripture, but I think Oswald Bayer gets to the heart of why Luther doesn't fit into the standard neat distinction of formal and material principles. For Luther the 'authority of Scripture is not formal but is highly material and is content driven' (p.69, Martin Luther's Theology: A Contemporary Interpretation). This means that we don't follow a two step plan to knowing the truth of God:

• Step 1: Establish source of revelation
• Step 2: From that source derive knowledge of God and how we relate to him

This is the way that many Protestant confessions seem to proceed (at least post-Reformation), and it is the way many systematic theologies are organised. Oswald Bayer certainly does not like to do things that way though:

one does not arrive at the solution to the question [of the authority of Scripture] "in the passionless calm of a knowledge which is in the element of pure thought alone" [Hegel]; instead, it includes a change in the existence of the reader and interpreter. The Holy Scripture verifies itself, in that it awakens faith. As has been stated already, it does not work for one to take the so-called scriptural principle and try to differentiate between a "Protestant formal principle" and a "Protestant material principle," which states the teaching about justification; one certainly ought not to treat them as separate. Both are one and the same: wrapped up in the event that takes place when the righteousness of God is actually given as a gift, at the moment the promissio is articulated, one encounters the authority of Scripture, its efficacy and clarity - its ability to enlighten - as well as its sufficiency: its power to bring one to salvation - if indeed Scriputure is given "for the salvation" of human beings (2 Tim. 3:15). The question about the significance of the reformational turning point in Luther's theology and the question about Luther's understanding of biblical authority are the same; they are one and the same question.

(p.75-76, ibid)

I think this is related to what Mike Reeves is getting at when he says when you treat revelation as 'the ladder to get you up into the actual playroom of Christian theology, you tend to treat revelation and scripture in a non-Christian way because it is outside the room' (beginning of talk 2 here). Mike Reeves concern here is with the relation between Christology and revelation, but one thing I have begun to see lately is that Christology, revelation and salvation are all so bound up together that you cannot really separate them without doing some serious harm. John Calvin's Geneva Catechism, 1541, exemplifies that:

1. Minister. What is the chief end of human life?

Child. To know God

[...how do we know?...]

C. By His Word, in which He declares His mercy to us in Christ, and assures us of His love toward us

14. M. Then the foundation for true reliance upon God is to know Him in Jesus Christ (John 17:3)?

C. That is true

(pp.5-7, Trans. and ed. TF Torrance, The School of Faith: The Catechisms of the Reformed Church - that is the beginning and end of the introduction section prior to the section on the Apostles Creed)

This may seem to be the height of obscure theological discussion, but if you think that just meditate a while on what this means for how you try and witness to the truth of the Gospel to non-Christians.

Sunshine through the clouds

A fictional preacher on why we should preach the law:

This despair over sin is after all a part of the Spirit's enlightenment. Actually one sees more clearly all the while, though one is looking down at the dark pools of evil in the slough of sinful corruption. But it is important to look deeply into it, for one will otherwise imagine that it is possible to get across it by oneself. So one makes a few hops from hummock to hummock, but is soon mired. At the very worst, one does not even dare to admit that one is stuck fast, but claims that one is already across, only because one is no longer in the company of the self-secure sinners on the farther shore.

(p.121, Bo Giertz, The Hammer of God)

... and on why we shouldn't stop there:

We have thundered like the storm, we have bombarded with the heaviest mortars of God's law in an attempt to break down the walls of sin. And that was surely right. I still load my gun with the best powder when I aim at unrepentance. But we had almost forgotten to let the sunshine of the gospel shine through the clouds. Our method has been to destroy all carnal security by our volleys, but we have left it to the souls to build something new with their own resolutions and their own honest attempts at amending their lives. In that way Henrik, it is never finished. We have not become finished ourselves. Now I have instead begun to preach about that which is finished, about that which was built on Calvary and which is a safe fortress to come to when the thunder rolls over our sinful heads.

(p.122-123, ibid)

Seeing things as they really are

This is my first draft of notes for a bible study on Galatians 3:18-4:11. Any feedback gratefully received. Please feel free to be brutal.

'A theology of glory calls evil good and good evil. A theology of the cross calls the thing what it actually is' (Martin Luther)


1. How does Paul see the law in 3:18-4:7, and how does this imply that the false preachers viewed the law?

Verses	Paul's view of the law	The false teachers view of the law
3:18	Did not bring inheritance	Brought the holy spirit/land
3:19, 23, 25	temporary	permanent
3:19	mediated	direct from God
3:21-23	It imprisoned things under sin	righteousness
3:21; Rom 8:2	death	life
3:29	It did not determine who were descendants of Abraham	It determined who were descendants of Abraham
3:25; 4:1-3	for the child	for the mature
4:1, 7-9	slavery That is to be a slave to 'the elemental spirits/principles of the world' (4:2; c.f. Col 2:8 - human/worldly).  Connected to slavery to sin (3:22; Rom 6:6-20), and to those that are not gods (4:8).	freedom

[4:8-11 seems to be about Gentiles.  'you', 'those that are not gods'.  Although it is clear that the state of the Gentiles apart from Christ parallels that of the Jews.  Both involve slavery, and slavery to 'the elemental spirits/principles of the world']


2. Paul says in 1:6 that the Galatians were turning to a different gospel.  We are not attracted by the idea of circumcision, not eating pork, and observing Jewish holy days.  Why were they?  What made it 'good news' to them and the false preachers?

• 'They make much of you' (4:17) - where as Paul says the truth and becomes their enemy, the false teachers flatter
• It is implied that they made the Galatians think they were something, when they were nothing (6:3-5)
• Getting circumcised stopped persecution (5:11).
• Following the law makes a good showing in the flesh (6:12).

• Their teaching meant you were reassured that God is on your side because you can see the marks that prove it
• It meant other people are on your side and not persecuting you, but instead admiring you.
• It meant you can be on your own side, because there is hope that you can obtain life yourself

[NB there are biblical reasons for the false teachers beliefs, but Paul doesn't admit these as the real reasons why they taught them.  Compare:

• 'This is my covenant, which you shall keep, between me and you and your offspring after you: Every male among you shall be circumcised [...] Any uncircumcised male who is not circumcised in the flesh of his foreskin shall be cut off from his people; he has broken my covenant' (Genesis 17:10-14)
• 'You shall therefore keep my statutes and my rules; if a person does them, he shall live by them' (Lev 18:5; cf. Ezekiel 20:11)
• 'listen to the statutes and the rules that I am teaching you, and do them, that you may live, and go in and take possession of the land [the inheritance, c.f. Gal 3:18] that the Lord, the God of your fathers, is giving you.' (Deut 4:1)
• 'it is easier for heaven and earth to pass away than for one dot of the Law to become void' (Luke 16:17)
• All of Deuteronomy 28]

3. What are the glasses through which Paul sees things as the opposite of how the false preachers saw them?

The Gentiles were baptised into Christ => put on Christ => sons of God (even though we can't see how by faith that is true) => there is no difference between Gentiles/Jews, men/women etc (3:26-29).  This is all 'through faith', not sight and not works.

in Christ / outside Christ - is now only division that really matters.  In Christ is every privilege.  Outside of Christ is nothing.

This is despite appearances.  Jesus was the Christ, the Son of God, despite appearances.  The cross seems the last thing to boast in, but it is actually the only thing we boast in.

Paul sees the law as obsolete as he sees us living in a different age (cf. 1:4):

• 'It was added ... until the offspring should come to whom the promise had been made' (3:19)
• 'before faith came' (3:23)
• 'the law was our guardian until Christ came' (3:24)
• 'now that faith has come' (3:25)
• 'when the fullness of time had come, God sent forth his Son' (4:4)
  

[Split into groups of 2-3]


4. Where do you see places or ways to get good things?  Maybe think in the categories of:
    (a) What you do to make other people think more of you.
    (b) What you do to feel good about yourself.
    (c) What you do so God thinks more of you.


5. What do you see as bad things which you ought to see as good?  When and where do we undervalue Christ?

[NOTE TO SELF: This was a bad bible study - too clever by half]

The Good Samaritans

During the reign of Ahaz the northern kingdom of Israel defeated Judah and took 200,000 people captive. They intended to make them slaves but some of the men of Ephraim took it upon themselves to do something different:

'the men who have been mentioned by name rose and took the captives, and with the spoil they clothed all who were naked among them. They clothed them, gave them sandals, provided them with food and drink, and anointed them, and carrying all the feeble among them on donkeys, they brought them to their kinsfolk at Jericho, the city of palm trees. Then they returned to Samaria.' (2 Chronicles 28:15)

Remind you of anything?

Samaritans, Jericho, donkeys, anointing (with oil/wine?), provision of food... sounds like Luke 10 to me.

All credit to my pastor who pointed out the connection.

Wall-E discussion notes

I am supposed to be leading a film discussion on Wall-E soon. Peter Dray's recent comments on doing this are very timely. Particularly need to ensure that we appreciate the artistry in this beautiful film. Anyway, for what it is worth, these are my notes on where I want to go with the discussion:

Did people enjoy the film?  Anything in particular?

What is it that makes Wall-E unique among all the other robots left to clear up earth?

• Cares for himself
• Cares for objects
• Cares for cockroach
• Cares for EVE

 

What is the cause of humanity getting into the state it gets into?

• BnL – advertising
• Personal responsibility
• Leisure v. work
• Individuals cutting themselves off from interaction with each other and with the universe.
• Connections with our society?

Does the film have an optimistic or pessimistic view of human nature?

• Pessimistic:
• Consumers not givers
• Lazy
• Lacking individuality even in their atomised existence
• ‘Easier’ not to care for the planet
• Drifters - literally
• Optimistic:
• Politeness – people apologetic when robots bump into them and when they finally do interact with each other.
• Once shown earth they unquestioningly embrace the challenge and responsibility of restoring it.
• Future presented in credits seems uniformly harmonious.
• ‘Sin’ is shown entirely as unintentional

Andrew Stanton, the director, on what he thinks the film is about:

That’s my theme: ‘Irrational love defeats life's programming.’

I realized that that's a perfect metaphor for real life. We all fall into our habits, our routines and our ruts, consciously or unconsciously to avoid living. To avoid having to do the messy part. To avoid having relationships with other people. of dealing with the person next to us.

Calvin on the Gospel

Tullian Tchividjian reprints a beautiful portion of John Calvin's preface to Pierre Robert Olivétan’s French translation of the New Testament (1534).

Without the gospel

everything is useless and vain;

without the gospel

we are not Christians;

without the gospel

all riches is poverty,
all wisdom folly before God;
strength is weakness,
and all the justice of man is under the condemnation of God.

But by the knowledge of the gospel we are made

children of God,
brothers of Jesus Christ,
fellow townsmen with the saints,
citizens of the Kingdom of Heaven,
heirs of God with Jesus Christ, by whom

the poor are made rich,
the weak strong,
the fools wise,
the sinner justified,
the desolate comforted,
the doubting sure,
and slaves free.

The really helpful indentation was done by Justin Taylor and you can read more of it on his blog. Or read the whole thing at Google Books. It is incredible. Apparently the first thing Calvin wrote as a Protestant (in 1534). Seriously, it is absolute gold!

Flippancy

I enjoyed reading The Screwtape Letters by CS Lewis recently. I lot of challenging stuff. I was particularly challenged by his discussion in letter 11 of the four causes of human laughter ('Joy, Fun, the Joke Proper, and Flippancy'). Screwtape identifies flippancy as the most likely to lead people to damnation. It is something I suffer from, and I found his description of it quite brilliant:

Among flippant people the Joke is always assumed to have been made. No one actually makes it; but every serious subject is discussed in a manner which implies that they have already found a ridiculous side to it. If prolonged, the habit of Flippancy builds up around a man the finest armour-plating against the Enemy that I know, and it is quite free from the dangers inherent in the other sources of laughter. It is a thousand miles away from joy: it deadens, instead of sharpening, the intellect; and it excites no affection between those who practice it

Cur Deus Homo

It is great to see read Athanasius On the Incarnation and see that he had a very similar understanding to the cross to what we share. The gospel has remained the same. Also it is encouraging that he seems to share my understanding of what is going on with truth and lies in Romans:

it was absurd that, having spoken, God should lie, in that he had established a law that man would die by death if he were to transgress the commandment, and man did not die after he had transgressed, but God's word was made void. For God would not have been truthful, if after he had said we would die, man had not died. And furthermore, it would have been improper that what had once been created rational and had partaken of his Word, should perish and return again to non-existence through corruption [...]

It would have been absurd that for our benefit and permanence God, the Father of truth, should appear a liar. What therefore in this matter had to occur, or what should God have done? Demand repentance from men for the transgression? [...] But repentance would not have saved God's honour, for he would still have remained untruthful unless men were in the power of death [...]

for this reason the incorporeal and incorruptible and immaterial Word of God came to our realm; not that he was previously distant, for no part of creation is left deprived of him, but he fills the universe, being in union with his Father. But in his benevolence towards us he condescended to come and be made manifest. for he saw that the rational race was perishing that death was reigning over them through corruption, and he saw also that the threat of transgression was firmly supporting corruption over us, and that it would have been absurd for the law to be dissolved before it had been fulfilled [...] thus taking a body like ours, since all were liable to the corruption of death, and surrendering it to death on behalf of all, he offered it to the Father. And this he did in his loving kindness in order that, as all die in him, the law concerning corruption in men might be abolished [...] consequently by offering his temple and the instrument of his body as a substitute for all me, he fulfilled the debt by his death. And as the incorruptible Son of God was united to all men by his body similar to theirs, consequently he endued all men with incorruption by the promise concerning his resurrection.

(pp. 147-155, ed. and trans. by Robert W. Thomson, Contra Gentes and De Incarnatione)

Sorry for the long quote. I have this problem whenever a book is really good. I can't decide what to not quote! It seems to me similar to what Anselm argues in Cur Deus Homo.

The Son of Man

Commenting on Jesus' use of the term 'Son of Man' and its dependence on Daniel 7 James Denney writes:

what primarily determined its significance was its contrast to the lion, the bear, the leopard, and the terrible beast with iron teeth. When Jesus defined it and made it His own - when he turned 'one like unto a son of man' into 'the Son of Man,' and used the name almost as a periphrasis for 'I' - He intimated to those who were able to understand it His consciousness of being head of a new, universal, and everlasting kingdom, in which all that was truly and characteristically human should have authority. The wild beasts had had their time; not the hour had come for the dominion of the human; man claimed his sovereignty in Jesus [...] It is one great part of His work, in this very character of the Son of Man, to revolutionise the current idea of sovereignty by exhibiting the true and everlasting one [...] It is not, then , simply nearness to us, brotherly tenderness and sympathy, that the name 'the Son of Man' expresses; it is nearness, brotherly tenderness and sympathy, ministering life and ransoming death, as the essential marks and attributes of the one true King of our race [...]

the point of the name lies in its combination of two things in one person - an entire identification with men, which makes all that is theirs His; and a sovereignty exercised in purest humanity which makes this true brother the Redeemer of His kind.

(italics original, pp. 36-39, Studies in Theology)

What Jesus had to say about himself

I was kept up last night reading an old set of lectures by James Denney I had just picked up for £1.50. One in particular was excellent entitled 'The Witness of Jesus to Himself'. I have tried to give get down an outline of what he had to say in his own words:

1. The 'present, permanent, and all-embracing significance of Christ is the mark of the Christian religion in all its historical forms'.

2. 'Jesus, in all the accounts we have, speaks much about Himself. He knows that He is a problem to those by whom He is surrounded, and that on the true solution of the problem everything depends.'

3. 'What, I think, strikes every reader of the gospels, and what must have been immensely more striking to those who heard Him speak, is the moral authority claimed and exercised by Jesus.'

1. 'Christ claimed, authoritatively, to be the consummator of the old religion.'
2. 'it was part of the moral authority exercised by Jesus that He criticised, and where He thought fit, abrogated, even what had hitherto possessed divine authority.'
3. 'But Christ's authority is principally exercised, in the first instance, in the demand for personal obedience and personal confidence. Follow me is a summary of all He has to say to men.'

4. 'He claimed a unique knowledge of God, and claimed it on the basis of a unique relation to Him. He revealed God as the Father, and He was able to do so because He knew Himself as the Son [of God].'

5. When Jesus referred to himself as "the Son of Man" 'He intimated to those who were able to understand it His consciousness of being head of a new, universal, and everlasting kingdom, in which all that was truly and characteristically human should have authority.'

6. 'with all His identification of Himself with our interests - making common cause with us as men to the very utermost - Jesus, it is plain on every page of the gospel, was conscious of the immense interval which separated Him from us.'

7. 'Jesus often puts Himself forward [with] the character of a Judge [...] Jesus looked into the future, but what He saw there was not the coming of another, but His own coming again.'

You may notice the overlap with John Stott's three points.

The German Mass and Order of Service, 1526

Glen has just posted on the differences between Luther and Cramner on the Lord's Supper. Pete Jackson asked what Luther's liturgy for Communion was. It ran something like this, although these were more guidelines than the equivalent of the BCP:

To begin the service we sing a hymn or a German Psalm...

Then follows the Kyrie eleison...

Thereupon the priest reads a collect...

Thereafter the Epistle...

After the Epistle a German hymn...

Then he reads the Gospel...

After the Gospel the whole congregation sings the Creed in German...

Then follows the sermon on the Gospel...

After the sermon shall follow a public paraphrase of the Lord's Prayer and admonition for those who want to partake of the sacrament...

• I admonish you first of all to lift up your hearts to God to pray with me the Lord's Prayer, as Christ our Lord has taught us and graciously promised to hear us...
• [A expanded Lord's prayer where each of the petitions is explored]
• Secondly I admonish you in Christ that you discern the Testament of Christ in true faith and, above all, take to heart the words wherein Christ imparts to us his body and his blood for the remission of our sins. That you remember and give thanks for his boundless love which he proved to us when he redeemed us from God's wrath, sin, death and hell by his own blood. And that in this faith you externally receive the bread and wine, i.e., his body and his blood, as the pledge and guarantee of this. In his name therefore, and according to the command that he gave, let us use and receive the Testament...

Thereupon the Office and Consecration [i.e. 1 Cor 11:23-25]...

administer the sacrament immediately after the consecration of the bread, before the cup is blessed...Meanwhile, the German Sanctus or the hymn "Let God Be Blest," or the hymn of John Huss, "Jesus Christ, Out god and Savior," could be sung. Then the cup be blessed and administered, while the remainder of these hymns are sung, or the German Agnus Dei....

The collect follows with the benediction.

(pp. 389ff, e.d. Theodore G. Tappert, Selected Writings of Martin Luther vol.3)

Got to love the two 'admonitions'!

I probably also ought to note that the Kyrie, the scripture texts, the Creed and the Office and Consecration are all sung. There is a lot of music.

The greatest deception ever

This is not really anything. It is not an interpretation of all of Romans but is an attempt to pick up some of the themes that Romans deals with, with 7:11 as the pole around which everything else revolved. Although that is not to say that it is an exposition of that verse.

It is the result of some reflection on truth and lies in Romans. I posted a word search on truth, lies and deceit here, but should have searched for 'knowledge'/'knowing'/'knew'/'know' and more would have been clearer sooner. But as 7:11 connects deceit with the law, it is also my attempt to understand how these themes fit with the law.

This is also not my promised post on knowledge of God through creation, but will hopefully feed into it... so with that out of the way....

God in creation made himself known by revealing the truth about his power and nature (1:18). However all humanity rejected this truth preferring instead to believe a lie (singular, 1:25). What was this lie? If we read Genesis 3 the lie that the serpent deceived Eve with was the lie that God would not follow through on his threat of death. In short he persuaded Eve that 'the wrath of God is [not] against all ungodliness and unrighteousness' (1:18). That wrath has been revealed so we should now know it to be true, and yet humanity still believes the same lie.

God provided Israel with the law which was the 'embodiment of knowledge and truth' (2:19-21). This law meant Israel knew 'that the judgment of God rightly falls on those who practice' sin (2:2). However, Israel while believing this truth in relation to others did not believe it applied to them, and so they did not 'obey the truth' (2:8). Instead of letting the law judge them they relied on it and boasted that they knew God's will (2:17-18). They taught others but not themselves.

The people of Israel were believing the serpent's old lie that judgment would not really fall on them. So if God entered into judgment with Israel, like God did with David (in Ps 51 quoted in Rom 3:4), God would be justified in punishing Israel - proving the lie to be a lie. Israel should listen to their own law which, as Paul shows in the quotations of Romans 3, declares them to be under sin and under the curse. Instead they were using their tongues to deceive themselves and others about their true situation which was that they were under the curse of creation and of the law.

But what of the covenants and the promises of God to Israel? Can God really be faithful to these promises and also be justified in his judgment against sin? Or from the other direction, how can God pass over former sins and yet stay the righteous judge who does not let the wicked go unpunished?

Paul explains that God has fulfilled both the law and the promise that appeared 430 years earlier. He did this by putting forward Jesus as a sacrifice for our sins. He took the curse of the law (showing God to be righteous) but he also fulfilled the promise of the covenant with Abraham that God would be faithful to his promise even at the cost of his own life.

But does this only affect the Jews, of is it for the Gentiles also? After all the promise was to Abraham and his offspring, and the law was only for the Jews as well. Aren't the Gentiles just spectators to this drama of the Jewish people. No, because God is the God of all of creation. The law was just the embodiment of what was already in creation (chap 1). The promise to Abraham was that 'all the nations be blessed' (Gal 3:8). The Jews were priests to the world, and represented the world to God. God was never just interested in them.

But all this assumes that the promise cannot come through obeying the law. Isn't that what the bible teaches? Wasn't Abraham declared righteousness because he obeyed the law, and receive the promise because of his obedience? No! Abraham was declared righteous because he believed in 'him who justifies the ungodly' (4:5). He then received the promise, not because of what he did but as a gift.

So why then the law? What did the law achieve?

• It brought knowledge of sin (3:20)
• It brought transgression (4:15)
• It counted sin (5:13)
• It increased the trespass/sin (5:20)
• It held us captive (7:6) Imprisoning us under sin (Gal 3:22)
• It showed sin to be sin (7:13)
• It made sin sinful beyond measure (7:13)

These can be brought under two headings:

1. It described what sin looked like and told us that it would lead to God's wrath
2. It actually increased the sin

We can understand how the law did 1. while remaining good, but how did it do 2. while still being a good thing?

Well it did it because it was not the law itself but Sin using the law to its own advantage. It used the law to bring the deception it had been perpetuating since Eve, to its climax. It used the law to perform the deception of history, which showed more than had ever been shown before how sinful humanity was.

By the commandment the Devil deceived humanity into believing not merely that God's judgment wasn't as strong as they thought (as he did with Eve), but instead he deceived humanity into using God's judgment against God himself. Israel did this whenever they boasted about the law. They did it every time that thought that doing a good work earned them a wage. But they did it supremely in the greatest sin of history, the crucifixion of God's own Son.

This was legalism brought to its climax. They rejected the cornerstone and it became a stumbling block (9:33; 1 Peter 2:7-8). They had a zeal for God, a zeal for keeping the law, but this was not according to knowledge of the truth and so they did not submit to God's righteousness in the person of Christ but instead they killed him (10:1-3)! They condemned the perfect obedient son using the very law that should have led them to accept him. They were deceived like Eve was into thinking that they could take the place of judge over God, instead of letting God judge them. But they increased the trespass because where as Eve had just rejected God's law and asserted her authority, the Jewish leaders had used God's law itself to assert theirs.

However that judgment was shown to be a lie by God's raising of Christ from the dead for his justification (1 Timothy 3:16). He 'was declared to be the Son of God in power according to the Spirit of holiness by his resurrection from the dead' (Romans 1:3). But that justification of Jesus was also our justification if we see ourselves judged in his death by being baptised into it (4:5). We too can share in his declaration to be a child of God. We too can share in his new resurrection life.

• Further thoughts on reading Romans: Reading Romans backwards

What do you think? Does that make sense of the text? My particular concern might be that it reads the truth/lie as belief/rejection of the judgment of God against sin, when the connected promise should also be in there as well. Some of the passages seem to fit the latter better than the former.

Why did we start trying to excuse God?

Gerhard Forde wonders why "there were so few attempts to construct theodicies prior to the 18th century". He quotes Hannah Arendt as offering an answer: "When men could no longer praise, they turned their greatest conceptual efforts to justifying God and His Creation in theodicies" (pp.84-85, On Being a Theologian of the Cross).

I had a 20min conversation with a colleague at work today about why he wasn't a Christian. It was annoying because I had to cut it short because after 20min of just chatting it was about time we got back to some work. But it was also annoying because I did a really rubbish job of giving a reason for my hope... One of the many problems I see looking back on it was I failed to really praise God with what I said.

Lets pray God uses the foolish and sinful.

The adulteress shall surely be put to death (Lev 20)

'Or do you not know, brothers — for I am speaking to those who know the law — that the law is binding on a person only as long as he lives? For a married woman is bound by law to her husband while he lives, but if her husband dies she is released from the law of marriage. Accordingly, she will be called an adulteress if she lives with another man while her husband is alive. But if her husband dies, she is free from that law, and if she marries another man she is not an adulteress.' (Romans 7:1-3)

In the OT Israel is often depicted as the unfaithful wife of God. They were married to one another through the Mosaic covenant. However, Israel broke the covenant countless times by committing adultery by worshipping other gods. God kept taking Israel back despite the requirements of his own law that the adulteress shall be put to death (with the man/god she committed adultery with).

God's promise and his law were in conflict, and there seemed no way in which he could fail to be true to one or the other. He kept on passing over the former sins of his wife but he couldn't keep on doing that forever without denying the truthfulness of the very thing that bound them together.

But what if instead of the adulteress dying, the faithful husband died? Then the adulteress could have relationships with other men without penalty, because the covenant that brings the curse no longer exists.

PS. Sorry once again Chris for breaking my own promise. It is still top of my mind, but I wanted to get down my random thoughts on Romans 7.

Truth and lies in Romans

• 'the wrath of God is revealed...against...men, who by their unrighteousness suppress the truth' (1:18)
• 'they exchanged the truth about God for a lie and worshiped and served the creature rather than the Creator' (1:25)
• 'for those who are self-seeking and do not obey the truth, but obey unrighteousness, there will be wrath and fury.' (2:8)
• 'if you are sure that you yourself are a guide to the blind, a light to those who are in darkness, an instructor of the foolish, a teacher of children, having in the law the embodiment of knowledge and truth — you then who teach others, do you not teach yourself?' (2:19-21)
• 'Let God be true though every one were a liar, as it is written, "That you may be justified in your words"' (3:4)
• 'But if through my lie God's truth abounds to his glory, why am I still being condemned as a sinner?' (3:7)
• 'Their throat is an open grave; they use their tongues to deceive' (3:13)
• 'sin, seizing an opportunity through the commandment, deceived me' (7:11)
• 'I am speaking the truth in Christ—I am not lying; my conscience bears me witness in the Holy Spirit — that I have great sorrow and unceasing anguish in my heart.' (9:1-2)
• 'you will say "Branches were broken off so that I might be grafted in." That is true.' (11:19-20)
• 'Christ became a servant to the circumcised to show God's truthfulness, in order to confirm the promises given to the patriarchs' (15:8)
• 'such persons do not serve our Lord Christ, but their own appetites, and by smooth talk and flattery they deceive the hearts of the naive.' (16:18)

So, I went through Romans like that because I'm trying to understand how Sin deceived Paul through the commandment (7:11). Not sure if it has helped. Does anyone have any thoughts?

Moo says Sin '"deceived" Israel into thinking it could obtain life through [the law]'. Calvin is no help. I haven't got Luther on Romans.

The law came in to increase the trespass

The law is not a remedy for sin. It does not cure sin but rather makes it worse. St. Paul says it was given to make sin apparent, indeed, even to increase it. It doesn't do that necessarily by increasing immortality, although that can happen when rebellion or the power of suggestion leads us to do just what the law is against. But what the theologian of the cross sees clearly from the start,is that, more perversely, the law multiplies sin precisely through our morality, our misuse of the law and our success at it. It becomes a defence against the gift.

(italics original (bold by me), p.27, Gerhard O. Forde, On Being a Theologian of the Cross: Reflections on Luther's Heidelberg Disputation, 1518)

So the law does not increase sin by making us more like younger brothers, but like older brothers which is worse.

I can't believe that this thought is new to me. It is one of those occasions where I wonder whether after all my reading I'm still yet to really get Luther's main points.

But does it make sense of Romans 7 to see sin increased by:

(a) increasing immortality; or

(b) through our morality as a defence against the gift?

I'm not sure. But I think the fact that it is the sin's deceit that Paul draws attention to (v.7) may support Luther and Forde.